Lifestyle Behaviours, Self-Esteem and Academic Performance in Primary Education Students-A Structural Equation Model According to Sex and School Type.

(1) Background: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, self-esteem (SE) and academic performance (AP) in primary education students. In order to address this aim, an explanatory model was developed to examine the existing relationships between PA, ST, VO2max, MD adherence, SE and AP. Further, the proposed structural model was examined via multi-group analysis as a function of sex and school type. (2) Methods: A non-experimental, descriptive, comparative and cross-sectional study was designed with a total sample of 269 Spanish students (11.29 ± 0.62). Validated questionnaires were administered to collect data on study variables. (3) Results: Relative to boys, girls reported better academic grades and showed a stronger positive relationship between MD adherence and AP, MD adherence and PA, and VO2max and SE. Likewise, girls showed a stronger negative relationship between ST and VO2max, and ST and MD adherence. At the same time, mixed funding school (MFS) students reported higher PA engagement than state school (SS) students. However, SS students reported better MD adherence, ST and AP than MFS students. Further, a stronger positive relationship was found in SS students between MD adherence or VO2max and SE than in MFS students. Also, within the former group, ST was more negatively related to MD adherence and VO2max. (4) Conclusions: Scientific and educational communities must develop future strategies that consider potential determinants in order to target more desirable outcomes.

The association of trait emotional intelligence with the levels of anxiety, stress and physical activity engagement of adolescents / La asociación entre la inteligencia emocional rasgo con los niveles de ansiedad, el estrés y la práctica de actividad física de los adolescentes

Abstract Introduction: Emotional intelligence is considered a protective and facilitating factor for physical and mental health. The aims of the present study are to define and compare an explanatory model of trait emotional intelligence, anxiety, stress and physical activity engagement, as well as to analyse existing relationships between the aforementioned variables as a function of gender. Method: The present study was descriptive and cross-sectional in nature, employing a sample of 2452 Spanish adolescents (age range = 13-16 years of age). A multi-group model of structural equations was developed which presented an excellent fit. Results: For both genders, a negative association was detected between emotional intelligence and anxiety levels. A direct positive association emerged between trait emotional intelligence and physical activity engagement, in addition to a positive association between anxiety and stress. In boys, a negative association existed between trait emotional intelligence and stress levels, as well as an indirect negative association between physical activity engagement and trait anxiety. In girls, an indirect negative association was observed between physical activity engagement and stress levels. Conclusions: Trait emotional intelligence is positively associated with physical activity engagement. Further, both variables are negatively associated with levels of anxiety and stress, with some differences emerging as a function of gender.

Resumen Introducción: La inteligencia emocional se considera un factor protector y facilitador de la salud física y mental. Por ello, los objetivos de este artículo son definir y contrastar un modelo explicativo sobre la inteligencia emocional rasgo, los niveles de ansiedad, el estrés y la práctica de actividad física, así como analizar las relaciones existentes entre dichas variables en función del género. Método: Se trata de un estudio de tipo descriptivo y corte transversal con una muestra de 2452 adolescentes españoles de ambos géneros (rango de edad = 13 a 16 años). Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales multigrupo que se ajustó de forma excelente. Resultados: En ambos géneros, se encuentra una asociación negativa entre inteligencia emocional rasgo y niveles de ansiedad; una asociación positiva y directa entre inteligencia emocional rasgo y práctica de actividad física, así como una asociación positiva entre la ansiedad y estrés. En hombres existe una asociación negativa entre inteligencia emocional rasgo y niveles de estrés, así como una asociación negativa e indirecta entre la práctica de actividad física y la ansiedad rasgo. En mujeres se observa una asociación negativa e indirecta entre práctica de actividad física y los niveles de estrés. Conclusiones: La inteligencia emocional rasgo se asocia positivamente con la práctica de actividad física, ambas variables se asocian de forma negativa con los niveles de ansiedad y estrés y se encuentran algunas diferencias en función del género.

Critical Thinking and Motivation in Vocational Training and Baccalaureate: A Comparison Study of Students of Spanish Nationality, Unaccompanied Foreign Minors and Young Care Leavers.

The present study analyzed academic motivation and its relationship with dispositions towards critical thinking in a sample of 131 students of Spanish nationality and 131 students of foreign nationality (unaccompanied foreign minors and foreign adolescents who had previously experienced the Andalusian care system). For this, an ex-post-facto study was conducted which was descriptive, comparative, and cross-sectional in nature. The main analyses carried out are of a descriptive and inferential nature, the latter to analyze the differences and associations between the variables of critical thinking and motivation (ANOVA test and an structural equations models) in both groups. Main outcomes included the lack of significant differences in dispositions towards critical thinking between Spanish and foreign students, alongside the existence of significant differences in academic motivation between both of these groups. In addition to this, significant differences were found within the group of Spanish nationality students in the dimensions of critical thinking as a function of intrinsic motivation, whilst such differences emerged in the foreign nationality group as a function of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and amotivation. Finally, within the group of Spanish students, a significant and positive relationship was found between motivation and critical thinking, being positive and non-significant in the foreign national group. In conclusion, it is necessary to improve dispositions towards critical thinking and educational motivation from the educational system for the inclusion of minors and youths in today's society.

Characterizing Unaccompanied Foreign Minors: Educational Level and Length of Stay as Individual Difference Factors That Impact Academic Self-Efficacy.

The aim of the present study is to analyze individual differences in academic self-efficacy within a population of Unaccompanied Foreign Minors (UFM) from the European cities of Ceuta and Melilla (Spain). Variables describing educational level and length of stay were considered in a sample of 377 individuals being cared for in different youth centers. Of these, 63.4% belonged to the group who had stayed at the center for less than 9 months and 36.6% reported a length of stay of more than 9 months. The age of participants ranged between 8 and 17 years old (M = 14.87 years). Once the quality parameters of the instrument (academic self-efficacy) were elaborated, reliability and validity was confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methodology. Data collection was then initiated. The results overall indicate that 87.6% of those who completed the questionnaire reported a higher level of self-efficacy with regards to working with any classmate, whilst at the same time seeing themselves as capable of achieving good marks. ANOVA results indicated significant differences with respect to educational level and length of stay. In this regard, students who had received professional training and had been at the Center for more than 9 months, were the ones who developed greater academic self-efficacy for spending more time working when tasks were judged to be difficult. The results obtained demonstrate that any intervention will be positive as long as it promotes different institutions to develop strategies that cater to a length of stay of more than 9 months and target education, academic self-efficacy, socialization and strengthening the future workforce. Such interventions can be directed through new European, Spanish or local level policies. It is clear that institutions still have a lot of work left to do.

Relationships among Physical Self-Concept, Physical Activity and Mediterranean Diet in Adolescents from the Province of Granada.

The aim of the present research was to analyse the relationships among physical self-concept, physical activity engagement and Mediterranean diet adherence in a sample of 1650 secondary school students from the province of Granada. The study design was descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional and ex post facto. Measurements were taken from a single group. The PSQ, PAQ-A and KIDMED questionnaires were used to measure diet quality. Results showed the presence of a positive relationship among all dimensions of physical self-concept and physical activity engagement, with better outcomes being achieved in this self-perception with increasing engagement in sport. With regard to diet quality and its repercussions on physical self-concept, it was highlighted that the dimensions of the general self-concept, physical attractiveness and strength tended to be more positive as quality improved. In contrast, worse outcomes were produced in those with a low-quality diet. In this way, it was deemed necessary to continue investigating psychosocial factors with the aim of clarifying the relationships with psychological factors and health indicators. This would enable the development of prevention and intervention programs focused on promoting wellbeing in adolescents.

Adaptation of the Educational Motivation Scale Into a Short Form With Multigroup Analysis in a Vocational Training and Baccalaureate Setting.

The aim of the present study was to adapt the educational motivation scale into an abbreviated version (EMS-SF), in addition to analyzing its psychometric properties for use with vocational training (VT) and baccalaureate students using structural equations. A cross-sectional and ex post facto study was conducted with a sample of 1,159 students from the autonomous community of Andalusia (Spain). IBM SPSS® and IBM AMOS® software programs were used for data analysis. With regard to the main outcomes, the scale reflected good fit indices in its short form, presenting a more parsimonious and easily understood questionnaire. The questionnaire was reduced from a total of 28-19 items. In the same way, the number of dimensions was reduced from seven to four, facilitating scale understanding and interpretation according to self-determination theory. As a main finding, it was observed that the most relevant items for baccalaureate students pertained to the pleasure derived from discovering things and to overcoming challenges, whereas in VT students, items pertaining to the satisfaction generated from exerting effort, achieving one's best and being well paid were more relevant. In conclusion, findings urge the need to strengthen intrinsic motivation in VT students with the aim of avoiding demotivation and poor academic performance.

Motivational Climate Is Associated with Use of Video Games and Violence in Schoolchildren: A Structural Equation Model According to Healthy Behaviors.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to develop an explanatory model of motivational climate, problematic use of videogames, violent behaviour and victimisation in schoolchildren. The sample included 734 children aged between 10 and 12 years of age from the province of Granada (Spain). A multi-group structural equation model was used, with an excellent fit (CFI = 0.964; NFI = 0.954; IFI = 0.964; RMSEA = 0.048). The results showed a positive relationship between the problematic use of video games, victimisation and violent behaviors, associating negatively with the task climate. Likewise, the task-oriented motivational climate was indirectly related to victimisation situations and violent behavior, while the ego climate did so positively with special emphasis on children who did not perform physical activity. As a main conclusion it is shown that adherence to the practice of physical activity, and particularly within a task-oriented motivational climate, can act as a protective factor against the problematic use of video games.

La inteligencia emocional en el ámbito educativo: un meta-análisis / Emotional intelligence in the educational field: a meta-analysis

La Inteligencia Emocional es un factor clave que repercute en el bienestar social y mental de los alumnos, lo que les facilita a comprender su entorno y a tomar decisiones acertadas ante las diversas situaciones conflictivas que surgen diariamente. Lo que pone de manifiesto que este constructo debe de ser desarrollado de forma continua por medio de las entidades educativas. Por ello, se ha desarrollado un metaanálisis con el fin de comprobar el grado de fiabilidad, así como los beneficios que reportan los programas de implementación de Inteligencia Emocional en el alumnado. La búsqueda bibliográfica se ha realizado en las bases de datos Web of Science, SCOPUS y PubMed, obteniendo un total de 20 artículos relacionados con la temática analizada. Solam ente se incluyeron artículos de tipo longitudinal, con los que se obtuvo un tamaño del efecto medio de 0.73. Al analizar la efectividad según etapa educativa, destacar que la Educación Primaria fue la que mejores resultados obtuvo (TE=0.95), seguida de la Educación Secundaria. Entorno a la duración de los programas, se obtuvo que los de duración media fueron los que mejor resultados reportaron. Asimismo, los datos más elevados se detectaron en aquellos programas que utilizaron como instrumentos de evaluación los de rasgos de personalidad. Llegando a la conclusión de que mayoritariamente los programas contribuyen al desarrollo y a la potenciación de la Inteligencia Emocional de los alumnos, los cuales los dotan de las habilidades necesarias para afrontar las situaciones que acontecen en el día a día, así como de la capacidad para sentirse auto-realizados con las tareas llevadas a cabo y con el esfuerzo aplicado

Currently Emotional Intelligence is a key factor that affects the social and mental wellbeing of students, helping them to regulate and manage their emotions, which makes it easier for them to understand their environment and make the right decisions in the face of the different stressful moments that arise daily in class. which emphasizes that it must be a continuous and progressive element developed through educational entities. Hence the intention to carry out a meta-analysis in order to know the degree of reliability as well as the benefits reported by the programs of implementation of Emotional Intelligence in the students. The bibliographic search was carried out in the Web of Science, SCOPUS and PubMed database, obtaining a total of 20 articles published in the last two decades related to the subject analyzed and which met the inclusion criteria. Only longitudinal articles were included with which a meta-analysis was carried out, obtaining an average effect size of 0.73, analyzing in turn the effectiveness according to educational stage and duration of implementation, with Primary Education obtaining the best results. results according to the application of the programs (TE = 0.95), followed by Secondary Education, in turn, the effectiveness of the interventions was analyzed according to the duration of the program, obtained that the medium-term programs were the ones that reported the best results to the students. Reaching the conclusion that most of the programs contribute to the development and empowerment of the Emotional Intelligence of the students, equipping them with the necessary skills to face the situations that take place on a daily basis, as well as the ability to feel self-realized with the tasks carried out and with the applied effort

Tutorial Action and Emotional Development of Students as Elements of Improved Development and Preventing Problems Related with Coexistence and Social Aspects.

Integral development of students is promoted through tutorial action. Tutorial action is understood as the personal development of students, their learning, and their capabilities for social and labour integration. A descriptive, nonexperimental and ex post facto design was used. The sample consisted of 569 primary school students. The importance of emotional education and student tutoring was highlighted by the results produced. A relationship was established between working on emotions and emotional regulation, cognitive re-evaluation, and capacity to respond in an emotionally appropriate way when faced with different situations.

The Relationship between Emotional Regulation and School Burnout: Structural Equation Model According to Dedication to Tutoring.

School burnout constitutes a current phenomenon which generates diverse negative consequences in the personal and academic lives of students. Given this situation, it is necessary to develop actions that permit us to regulate this harmful mental state and that are administered from within the school context. A descriptive and cross-sectional study is presented that pursues the objective of examining a structural equation model which brings together burnout and emotional regulation. The model assumes that students receive tutoring at school in order to tackle these types of problems. For this, the sample constituted a total of 569 students from the province of Granada (men = 52.3% (n = 298); women = 47.7% (n = 271)). Mean age was reported as 10.39 ± 0.95 years and the School Burnout Inventory (BMI) and the Emotional Regulation Scale were utilized as the principal instruments. As main findings it was observed that students who received one hour of weekly tutoring showed a positive relationship between expressive suppression as a strategy of emotional regulation, cynicism, and exhaustion as consequences of school burnout. In the same way, a direct association existed between burnout-related exhaustion and cognitive repair. Given that significant relationships could not be observed between these variables in students who do not receive tutoring, higher use of emotional regulation was confirmed amongst tutored students when faced with this negative mental state.

Levels of Physical Activity Are Associated With the Motivational Climate and Resilience in University Students of Physical Education From Andalucía: An Explanatory Model.

BACKGROUND: The practice of Physical Activity (PA) is a key factor for the improvement of physical and mental health, making the study of the motivational processes that take part in the development of active lifestyles of interest. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 775 university students of Physical Education (PE) from Spain. This research aims to develop an explanatory model for the relationships between motivational climate and resilience according to the level of PA, using structural equations analysis. The main instrument used were the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport (PMCSQ-2) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). RESULTS: A negative relationship was observed between task-oriented climate (TC) and ego-oriented climate, which acquired greater correlation strength in the respondents who did less PA. Likewise, a positive relationship was obtained between TC and resilience, which was higher in participants who did more than 3 h of weekly PA. Finally, it was observed that resilience was highly correlated with personal competence, tenacity and control capacity in the most active respondents. CONCLUSION: The importance of promoting task-oriented motivational climates in PA is highlighted, since this could develop a better resilience capacity in university students and will favor the tolerance to adversity and the positive acceptance of changes.

Explanatory model of violent behaviours, self-concept and empathy in schoolchildren. Structural equations analysis.

The increased visibility of bullying cases has led the scientific community to be more interested in analysing the factors affecting these behaviours in order to reduce bullying cases and their negative consequences. The aim of this study was to define and contrast an explanatory model that makes it possible to analyse the relationships between self-concept, empathy and violent behaviours in schoolchildren through structural equation analysis. The sample of this study is made up of 734 schoolchildren from the province of Granada (Spain), both male and female, aged between 10 and 12, and it consists of analysing self-concept (AF-5), empathy levels (TECA) and violent behaviour at schools (ECV). A structural equation model was performed and successfully adjusted (χ2 = 563.203; DF = 59; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.943; NFI = 0.937; IFI = 0.943; RMSEA = 0.076). A positive and direct relationship between self-concept and cognitive empathy has been found; manifest aggression is negatively related to self-concept. Similarly, affective empathy has a negative relationship with relational aggression. The main conclusions of this study are that the levels of self-concept and empathy represent protective factors against the development of violent and victimisation behaviours in schoolchildren.

Physical Activity in Natural Environments Is Associated With Motivational Climate and the Prevention of Harmful Habits: Structural Equation Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Practicing physical activity in a natural environment has various benefits that make it an ideal setting to develop healthy behaviors and thereby diminish unhealthy habits. The objective of this study was to develop and verify an explicative model for motivational climate in sport, considering its potential influence on alcohol and tobacco consumption. METHODS: The study included 2273 adolescents from Granada (Spain), analyzing motivational climate (PMCSQ-2), alcohol consumption (AUDIT) and tobacco consumption (FTND). Multi-group structural equation modeling was conducted, yielding an excellent fit (χ2 = 168.170; gl = 32; p = 0.00; CFI = 0.972; NFI = 0.966; IFI = 0.972; RMSEA = 0.045). RESULTS: The main findings were: a negative relationship between task climate and alcohol consumption among students practicing physical activities in a natural environment; a positive relationship between ego climate and alcohol consumption among those practicing other types of physical activity; and a positive and direct relationship between alcohol and tobacco consumption, which was stronger among those who did not practice physical activity in a natural environment. CONCLUSION: We conclude that physical-sport activity practiced in nature is a key to acquiring healthy patterns characterized by intrinsic motivations in sport and lower consumption of harmful substances.

Relationship between Academic Stress, Physical Activity and Diet in University Students of Education.

(1) Background: Several research works have shown the relationship between physical activity (PA), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and health. Nevertheless, there are few studies that demonstrate the relationship of these habits with academic performance, and specifically with academic stress. (2) Methods: This descriptive, non-experimental, and cross-sectional study aims to analyse the associations between these variables in a sample composed of 515 university students, using as main instruments the KIDMED, PAQ-A and the Scale of Academic Stress. (3) Results: The university students analysed showed higher levels of academic stress for women, and especially in the academic obligations and communication of own ideas. In addition, it was shown that those university students that had a body mass index (BMI) associated with being overweight or under-weight were the respondents with higher levels of stress. Finally, the students with a low adherence to MD had higher scores for stress associated with the communication of their own ideas, while PA was not related to academic stress. When sex and BMI variables were controlled in the regression model, no associations were obtained between stress and diet quality. (4) Conclusions: This study shows interesting implications in the treatment of academic stress. Although stress was not associated with diet and physical activity, it was linked to a worse state of health associated with states of being overweight, being of special interest the treatment of stress in women.

Motivational Climate and Physical Activity: A Multigroup Analysis in Romanian and Spanish University Students.

BACKGROUND: Motivational climate in sport is a psychosocial construct which is related with several factors, such as healthy habits and well-being, and is influenced by teachers, trainers, and parents. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between motivational climate, family functionality, and physical activity within a population of students from Spain and Romania. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of university students specialization: physical education (n = 605; 20.71 ± 2.42 years old), using the perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A), and the family functionality scale (APGAR) as the main instruments. IBM SPSS Amos was used for data analysis in the structural equation model that was developed. RESULTS: We observed positive relationships between task-oriented climate, family functionality, and the level of physical activity, showing higher regression weights for Spanish university students. Ego-oriented climate was negatively related to family functionality in Spanish university students, while this association was positive in Romanian students. Moreover, the relationship between physical activity and functional family was stronger in respondents from Spain. CONCLUSIONS: It can be pointed out that a better family functionality can promote higher levels of physical activity and self-determined motivations in sports shown by task-oriented motivational climates. Thus, it is essential to take into account the influence of family in the promotion of healthy lifestyles.

Motivational Climate in Sport Is Associated with Life Stress Levels, Academic Performance and Physical Activity Engagement of Adolescents.

The present study sought to define and contrast an explanatory model incorporating motivational climate towards sport, life stress, academic performance, and engagement in physical activity, and to analyze the existing relationships between these variables as a function of sex. A total of 2452 adolescents of both sexes (42.7% males and 57.3% females) participated in the present study, with self-reported ages between 13 and 16 years (M = 14.43; SD = 1.15). Participants were from Granada (Spain) and perceived motivational climate towards sport (PMCSQ-2), life stress (PSS), academic performance, and engagement in physical activity (PAQ-A) were analyzed. A multi-group structural equation model was constructed, which demonstrated excellent fit to the observed data (χ² = 309.402; DF = 40; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.973; NFI = 0.970; IFI = 0.973; and RMSEA = 0.052). A negative and direct association exists between ego climate and task climate. A positive association was found between motivational climate, task climate (males r = 0.336/females r = 0.238), and ego climate (males r = 0.198/ females r = 0.089) and engagement in physical activity. A task climate was associated with better academic performance and lower levels of life stress. The main conclusions of this study highlight that a task-involving climate and engagement in physical activity are both associated with lower levels of life stress and higher levels of academic performance.

Correction: Relationship of resilience, anxiety and injuries in footballers: Structural equations analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207860.].

Relationships between Anxiety, Emotional Intelligence, and Motivational Climate among Adolescent Football Players.

BACKGROUND: Emotional and motivational factors are fundamental in the context of sport, as they directly relate to sports performance and anxiety. METHODS: The present study aimed to analyze the relationships between motivational climate (MC), emotional intelligence (EI), and anxiety within a sample of footballers playing at a low level. The sample was composed of 282 registered football players aged between 16 and 18 years old (16.96 ± 0.77), playing in the lower tier in the province of Jaen (Spain). Data were self-reported, with participants responding to the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2), the Schutte Self-Report Inventory (SSRI), and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: The results showed that footballers who reported higher levels of state anxiety and trait anxiety also demonstrated lower EI and more negatively perceived and regulated their emotions. Moreover, an ego-oriented climate was associated with higher levels of anxiety, while a task-oriented climate was related to lower levels of anxiety and higher levels of EI. No relationship was identified between the emotional aspects of young footballers and holding a motivational orientation toward an ego climate. CONCLUSIONS: Football players who more greatly perceived a task-oriented climate had higher EI and usually reported lower levels of anxiety related to sport performance. It is therefore important to promote intrinsic motivations and develop the capacity of footballers to regulate their own emotions.

Relationship between Leadership and Emotional Intelligence in Teachers in Universities and Other Educational Centres: A Structural Equation Model.

This study uses an explanatory model of the dimensions of leadership and emotional intelligence according to the methods used in particular teaching environments (universities and other educational institutions). The effect of different kinds of leadership on emotional intelligence dimensions is also established using an explanatory model. A total of 954 teachers participated in this cross-sectional study, teaching in 137 different schools/universities. The instruments used for the data collection were the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5) and the Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24). Data analysis was performed with the software IBM AMOS 23.0. (International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) using multi-group analysis and structural equations. Results showed that the structural equation model had a good fit. Transformational leadership depends mainly on intellectual stimulation in university teachers, whereas intrinsic motivation is more relevant at the lower educational levels. In relation to transactional leadership, contingency reward has a greater regression weight in non-university education, whereas passive leadership is governed more by passive exception in university teachers. There was a positive and direct relationship between levels of emotional intelligence and transformational leadership in non-university teachers, which reveals the need for effective understanding and management of both one's own and students' emotions in order to act effectively as a leader. Transactional leadership was negatively related to some emotional intelligence dimensions, given the relevance of obtaining power in this dimension.

Trabajo colaborativo en el aula, bullying y cyberbullying: Estudio con adolescentes / Collaborative work in the classroom, bullying and cyberbullying: Study with adolescents

El acoso escolar se ha convertido en una práctica común entre adolescentes y especialmente a través del cyberbullying. Estas prácticas generan graves problemas en un colectivo en desarrollo cognitivo, social y emocional, siendo esencial actuar preventivamente. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo y corte transversal en una muestra de 227 adolescentes de Melilla (España), el cual perseguía analizar las relaciones existentes entre bullying, cyberbullying y prácticas de trabajo cooperativo. Se emplean como principales instrumentos el test de cyberbullying (Garaigordobil, 2013)y un cuestionario de trabajo en equipo mediante validación de expertos. Los resultados revelan que el trabajo cooperativo es más elevado en las chicas, disminuyendo el mismo con la edad. El trabajo grupal se relacionó inversamente con las situaciones de acoso. También se observó que a mayor edad se sufre más victimización ligada a cyberbullying e incrementan las situaciones en las que se es agresor. Se concluye cómo el trabajo cooperativo en las aulas puede actuar preventivamente ante situaciones de acoso al ayudar a construir mejores relaciones entre pares e identidad de grupo

Bullying has become a common practice in the adolescent population, and especially through cyberbullying. These practices generate serious problems in this collective, especially in cognitive, social and emotional dimensions, being essential to act preventively. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 227 adolescents from the city of Melilla (Spain), which sought to analyze the existing relationships between bullying, cyberbullying and cooperative work practices. The cyberbullying test (Garaigordobil, 2013) and a teamwork questionnaire using validation of experts are used as main instruments. The results reveal that cooperative work is higher in girls, decreasing it as age increases. Likewise, group work was inversely related to situations of harassment. It was also observed that the older age suffered more victimization linked to cyberbullying and increased the situations in which one is an aggressor. It concludes how cooperative work in the classroom can act preventively in situations of bullying by helping to build better relationships between peers and group identity